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Aroda VR, Rosenstock J, Terauchi Y, Altuntas Y, Lalic NM, Morales Villegas EC, Jeppesen OK, Christiansen E, Hertz CL, Haluzk M, PIONEER 1 Investigators
GSH Metabolism, Biosynthesis & Health Implications (PubMed, 2004) Cysteine Availability as the Rate-Limiting Factor in GSH Synthesis A widely cited review of glutathione metabolism published on PubMed documented the two-step cytosolic biosynthesis pathway in detail, confirming that GSH synthesis is regulated primarily by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity, cysteine availability, and GSH feedback inhibition
The AMPK pathway becomes active in response to insufficient cellular ATP levels which then leads to mTORC1 inhibition and diminished glutamine transporter expression